Technology as a science deals with identification. What are modern technologies?

(from Greek techne - art and logos - word, teaching) technology

a method of converting matter, energy, information in the process of manufacturing products, processing and processing materials, assembling finished products, quality control, management. Technology embodies methods, techniques, mode of operation, sequence of operations and procedures; it is closely related to the means, equipment, tools, and materials used. The set of technological operations forms a technological process. Modern economic science uses the term “technology” in such combinations as “technology of teaching, educational process, treatment, management.”

Dictionary of financial terms

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

technology

technologies, many no, w. (from the Greek techne - art and logos - teaching). A set of sciences, information about methods of processing this or that raw material into a manufactured product, into a finished product. Metal technology. Chemical Technology. Wood technology. ? The set of processes of such processing. Simple technology.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

technology

And, ace. A set of production methods and processes in a particular branch of production, as well as a scientific description of production methods. G. production. T. fibrous substances. Violation of technology.

adj. technological, -aya, -oe. T. process. Technological requirements.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

technology

1. A scientific discipline that studies methods of processing materials, manufacturing products and the processes accompanying these types of work.

   An educational subject containing the theoretical foundations of this science.

   decomposition A textbook setting out the content of a given academic subject.

A set of techniques used in a. business, skill, art.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

technology

TECHNOLOGY (from the Greek techne - art, skill, skill and... logic) a set of methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials, materials or semi-finished products carried out in the process of production; a scientific discipline that studies physical, chemical, mechanical and other laws operating in technological processes. Technology also refers to the extraction, processing, transportation, storage, and control operations themselves, which are part of the overall production process.

Technology

(from the Greek téchne ≈ art, skill, skill and... logic), a set of techniques and methods for obtaining, processing or processing raw materials, materials, semi-finished products or products carried out in various industries, in construction, etc.; a scientific discipline that develops and improves such techniques and methods. Technological processes (or technological processes) also refer to the operations of extraction, processing, processing, transportation, warehousing, and storage, which are the main component of the production process. Modern technical control also includes technical control of production. T. is also commonly called a description of production processes, instructions for their implementation, technological rules, requirements, maps, graphs, etc.

Manufacturing is usually considered in connection with a specific industry (mining, mechanical engineering, construction) or depending on the methods of producing or processing certain materials (metals, fibrous substances, textiles, etc.). ). As a result of the implementation of technological processes, a qualitative change in the processed objects occurs. Thus, technology for obtaining various metals is based on changing the chemical composition and chemical and physical properties of the starting raw materials; T. mechanical processing is associated with changes in the shape and some physical properties of the processed parts; Chemical technology is based on processes carried out as a result of chemical reactions and leading to changes in the composition, structure and properties of the starting products. The most important indicators characterizing the technical and economic efficiency of the technological process: specific consumption of raw materials, semi-finished products and energy per unit of production; output (quantity) and quality of finished products (products); level of labor productivity; intensity of the process; production costs; cost of production.

The task of technology as a science is to identify physical, chemical, mechanical, and other laws in order to determine and use in practice the most effective and economical production processes that require the least amount of time and material resources. Thus, the subject of research and development in technical mechanical engineering is the fundamentals of designing technological processes (types of processing, selection of workpieces, surface quality of processed products, processing accuracy and allowances for it, basing of workpieces), methods of mechanical processing of surfaces (flat, shaped, etc.) , methods for manufacturing standard parts (housings, shafts, gears, etc.), assembly processes (the nature of the connection of parts and assemblies, principles of mechanization and automation of assembly work), the basics of designing devices.

The technology of various industries is constantly updated and changed as technology develops. Improving technology in all sectors and types of production is an important condition for accelerating technical progress in the national economy. The main directions of development of modern technology: the transition from intermittent (discrete, cyclic) technological processes to continuous flow processes, ensuring an increase in the scale of production and the efficient use of machinery and equipment; the introduction of “closed” (non-waste) technology for the fullest use of raw materials, materials, energy, and fuel, which makes it possible to minimize or completely eliminate production waste and implement measures to improve the environment. Of particular importance is the improvement of technology in the extractive industries in order to increase the efficiency of mineral extraction, enrichment and processing, eliminate the harmful consequences of subsoil exploitation for the environment, and ensure the comprehensive use of minerals in the national economy (see Nature Conservation).

In the manufacturing industries of the USSR, especially in mechanical engineering and instrument making, the Unified System of Technological Preparation of Production (USTPP) has been introduced since 1975. It provides for a unified procedure for the development of technological documentation and the use of standard technological processes, standardized equipment and standard equipment. The implementation of the ESTPP allows reducing the time for production preparation by 2≈2.5 times while simultaneously increasing labor productivity and improving the quality of products.

In order to unify technological means, methods and terminology, the Unified System of Technological Documentation (USTD) was developed in the USSR and put into effect in 1975 as a state standard (see Technological documentation). See also Metal technology, Chemical technology.

O. A. Vladimirov, A. A. Parkhomenko.

Wikipedia

Technology

Technology(from - art, skill, skill; - “word”, “thought”, “meaning”, “concept”) - a set of methods and tools to achieve the desired result; in a broad sense - the application of scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.

Technology (group)

"Technology"- Russian synth-pop group from Moscow, known for the songs “Press the Button” and “Strange Dances”. The peak of the group's popularity occurred in 1991-1993. It has existed in various compositions from 1990 to the present time. To create music, the group uses electronic musical instruments - synthesizers, samplers and modern computer technologies.

Technology (Obninsk research and production enterprise)

Joint Stock Company "Obninsk Research and Production Enterprise "Technology" named after. A.G.Romashina"- one of the leading Russian state research and production enterprises in the field of production of non-metallic polymer, composite and ceramic materials for the needs of the rocket, space and aviation industries, water transport, energy and other industries. During the operation of the enterprise, over 800 new materials were created. It is part of the Rostec state corporation.

Located in the city of Obninsk, Kaluga region.

In everyday use, technology is understood as purely technical science. It should be noted that this idea is understandable historically (the concept of “technology” first appeared in the 19th century and was associated specifically with industrial production, which was predominantly machine-based). The modern content of the concept of “technology” is more diverse. Along with the traditional phrase “industrial production technology” in the second half of the 20th century. The terms “information technology”, “technology of thinking” and even “technology of creativity” appeared. Moreover, the content of the concept of “technology” has extended to the sphere of production of services (art, literature, etc.).

The term "technology" is derived from the Greek words "techne" and "logos" (techne- skill, art; logos- science, teaching). Literally translated, technology is the science (teaching) of skill and art.

Mastery is perhaps the most important quality of a person. It is by this that man differs and stands out from the totality of other biological beings. A person rises to the level of mastery gradually, going through the stages of mastering knowledge, acquiring skills, abilities and, finally, achieving mastery.

Since skill is immaterial, it cannot in itself modify a material object, for example, an object of labor (raw materials). Craftsmanship ensures the process of processing raw materials into finished products only in conjunction with labor activity. However, it is precisely the level of skill in

ultimately depends on the amount of labor required in the production process. Even from everyday ideas it is clear to a person that the greater the skill, the lower the labor costs for production. Reducing labor costs is the purpose of learning and the economic role of craftsmanship.

Craftsmanship links together natural processes with labor ones, thus forming a holistic process of processing raw materials into a product, while technology is the key integrating link of this processing process, its essence.

Technology integrates knowledge from many areas and cannot be reduced to physics, chemistry, or any other science about natural processes, since its subject is the skill of using natural processes in artificial production conditions.

Summarizing the above, we can formulate the following brief definition: technology is the science of mastery in the processes of creating goods.

The role of technology (skills) in the life of society is as follows:

Applied use of society's knowledge base. Without technology, knowledge remains “dead” and cannot be used;

A means that creates supernatural benefits that form the conditions for the existence of human society;

Predetermination of the conditions for the use of labor, saving its costs and, as a result, creating well-being and material wealth;

A person, a collective or a state, deprived of the technologies necessary for their functioning, are deprived of autonomy and independence, since they are not able to reproduce the conditions for their own existence.

Thus, technology in the applied sense represents realized (materialized) ideas about the patterns of production of specific types of material and intangible goods. Only when a person owns the technology does it become possible to repeatedly reproduce the process of manufacturing products with certain consumer properties according to a previously known algorithm.

Since the objective laws of the surrounding world are the basis (foundation) of technology, the latter can be reproduced and repeated as many times as desired.

Technology as science studies:

The essence (content) of production processes of various
various goods and services;

Mutual internal connections between skill and labor costs to manufacture a product;

Patterns of development of processes of production of goods and services based on the achieved level of human knowledge about the world around him.

The most common classification of technologies (processes for creating various goods) is based on the type of benefit or result obtained. According to it, technologies are divided into material (creating material products) and intangible, or social (creating intangible benefits). Intangible technologies include technologies of education, science, healthcare, culture, literature, art, etc.

Supermajority material technologies are machine-made, i.e. a set of technological actions on raw materials is carried out mainly by machines, apparatus, technical devices and devices. IN social technologies Technical means are also used, but they do not directly create the result and are of secondary importance. For example, the result of a teacher’s work will not fundamentally depend on what material the desk at which the students sit or the board on which the teacher writes is made of. Consequently, when achieving the final result in material technologies, the role of machines is great, and in intangible technologies - people and their professional qualities.

It should be noted that the production process is studied from different sides: technological activity is studied by technology, economic activity is studied by economics. Although the subjects of study of technology and economics are different, both scientific fields have the same goal: to ensure the largest output of goods at the lowest cost. Unity of purpose is explained by the objective unity and indivisibility of the production process.

It must be added that technology and economics of production are the same in terms of content. The fact is that the concept of “technology” currently includes not only the process of obtaining a material product, but also any purposeful actions leading to the satisfaction of a certain need (remember the terms “management technology”, “education technology”).

Thus, technology is the core, the basis that links together the natural, technical and economic sciences. Technology is the most important element on the state of which the development of production and society depends.

The driving force behind technology development- the predominance of the needs of society over the possibility of satisfying them with existing means of production.

Source of technology development- achievements of technodynamics, a science that comprehends the laws of technological development.

In the context of defining technology as an element of production, it is important to separate the concepts of “technology” and “technique”. Unfortunately, quite often these terms are considered identical in content.

Technique in production it is represented by equipment - various machines, devices, devices. It is obvious that technical devices are used to carry out certain technological actions for the production of a particular product, but technology is not technology itself, since the technological production process can be implemented without the use of technology (for example, in the case of handicraft, handicraft production).

In modern industrial production, technical devices, together with people, embody technology in the form of sequential and predetermined actions to transform raw materials into finished products. Thus, technology is only one of the means of implementing technology. Changes in a technical device (in the structure and interrelation of its elements) do not necessarily cause a change in the technology for producing products using this device. At the same time, changes in the method of influencing the feedstock, i.e. in technology, inevitably lead to changes in the technical device that implements this technology.

Therefore, technology as a functional element of material production is primary in relation to technology, which only carries out those actions in the process of production that are predetermined in advance by the production technology.

To produce any product, you need information about raw materials and means of production (the field of technical sciences - materials science, theory of machines and mechanisms, strength of materials, etc.), appropriate organization of production, its supply, control, analysis, etc. (field of economic sciences). In addition, all production is based on the labor activity of people. Therefore, knowledge is needed about the labor process, and most importantly, about how to arouse a person’s interest in active work (the field of social sciences). When producing spiritual goods, additional information from the field of humanities is needed. Thus, almost the entire sphere of modern scientific knowledge is covered. And this is natural, since the basis of the existence of society is

production begins. Therefore, all the knowledge that a person receives during his life, he uses with varying degrees of skill in his future professional activities. Various types of human professional activity, in essence, come down to the role of a performer of a particular technology.

However, it must be emphasized once again that the manufacturing process of any product is based on the use of natural processes that proceed according to their own laws. Man, with the help of science, cognizes these objective processes and uses them in artificially created production conditions. Therefore, he can increase the effectiveness of the technological process only within the framework allowed by nature and its laws, and not through his own, subjective volitional decision.

At the same time, technology is a source of unlimited development of production and society. It was the technological development of production that ensured the current achievements of human society. It will continue to remain a determining link in the development of world civilization.

Control questions

1. Describe the purpose of a production system.

2. What elements make up a production system? How are they related to each other?

3. Under what conditions is the production process possible in a production system?

4. Are the concepts of a production system and a production process identical?

5. Why are raw materials not part of the production system?

6. Is it possible to arbitrarily change the actions of performers within the production process? Why? If impossible, then how are these actions predetermined?

7. What functional elements make up any manufacturing process? What is their purpose?

8. On what basis can we say that technology is the main link in the production process?

9. What are the similarities and differences between production technology and production economics?

10. What is the object studied by technology as a science?

11. What sciences does technology have direct connections with?

12. What is the current understanding of technology?

13. What properties and features are constant for all types of technologies?

14. Name the characteristic features of material technology.

15. List the characteristic features of a social (non-mother)
al) technology.

a sequence of material processes and operations, the implementation of which leads to the appearance of a product (use value) with properties necessary and useful for further human use. (See technology, innovation activity).

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

TECHNOLOGY

from Greek art, skill, skill and Greek. study) – a set of methods and tools to achieve the desired result; a method of transforming the given into the necessary; mode of production. At the end of the 18th century. In technoscience, they began to distinguish between a descriptive section and a new one, which was called “technology.” The term “technology” was introduced into scientific use by Johann Beckmann in his work “Introduction to Technology” (1777) to denote the craft art, which includes professional skills and empirical ideas about tools and labor operations. The modern understanding of technology has several meanings: 1) the technological form of the movement of matter - a global set of material processes of material-energy interaction between society and nature, occurring in systems of technology and generally forming the technosphere; 2) technological process - material influences on an object, causing in it appropriate qualitative and quantitative changes in properties and spatio-temporal position. The generalized subject of technological changes is various forms of matter, energy and information (the entire set of technological processes can be expressed by a technological matrix); 3) technological sciences – technical class. sciences that study the problems of transforming natural objects and processes into artificial, purposeful forms. The basis of technological sciences is technological theories that holistically describe the laws and patterns of technological interactions, parameters and conditions for the processes of transformation of matter, energy and information; 4) technological methodology - a system of principles, norms and requirements, technological methods, methods and techniques developed by engineering disciplines for the creation and regulation of technological processes for obtaining, transforming, transferring and storing objects; 5) the use of any scientific knowledge to solve practical problems; this interpretation of technology is accepted in foreign philosophical and sociological literature, mainly in English. In a broad sense, technology is a volume of knowledge that can be used to produce goods and services from economic resources, and in a narrow sense, it is a way of converting matter, energy, information in the process of manufacturing products, processing and processing materials, assembling finished products, and quality control , management. Technology includes methods, techniques, mode of operation, sequence of operations and procedures; it is closely related to the means, equipment, tools, and materials used. Modern technologies are based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress and are focused on the production of a product: material technology creates a material product, information technology creates an information product. Technology is also a scientific discipline that develops and improves production methods and tools. In everyday life, technology is usually called a description of production processes, instructions for their implementation, technological requirements, etc. Technology or a technological process is also often called the extraction, transportation and processing operations themselves, which are the basis of the production process. Technical control in production is also part of the technology. Technology development is carried out by technologists, engineers, designers, programmers and other specialists in relevant fields. Each type of technology has its own technological model. Consequently, production, scientific, medical, etc. technologies are distinguished. In each specific branch of material production, the corresponding technological processes dominate. With an integrated approach, only two forms of technology are distinguished, namely: a) scientific and industrial technologies; b) social technologies. Modern technology is a dynamically developing area of ​​scientific knowledge and practical activity. There are the following main directions of modern technological developments: 1) increasing the degree of efficiency of technological processes based on computerization and automation of production and economic activities; 2) the creation of effective biotechnologies that involve the gradual replacement of discrete (intermittent) processes with continuous technological processes, as well as a percentage increase in the share of non-mechanical technologies; 3) greening of technical and technological systems, i.e. increasing the “degree of isolation” of all forms of production and economic activity. Technology contributes to the effectiveness of implementing certain socio-technical solutions and overcoming related problems. Consequently, technology is a real (practical) solution to a specific scientific, technical, production, economic and socio-political problem. Technical knowledge is implemented in production and economic activities within the framework of the “technical knowledge, technology-production” system.

Approximate definition of technology. Technology is usually called the process of processing source material in order to obtain a product with predetermined properties.

In the encyclopedic dictionary we find the following definition: technology is “a set of methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials, materials or semi-finished products carried out in the process of production” (1, p. 1338).

However, technology is not just a “set of methods.” The methods were not chosen by chance, and they are all aimed at one single goal - obtaining a specific product. From this point of view, we find a more accurate definition that reflects the very essence of the process in the textbook “Fundamentals of Management” (M.H. Melson et al.), where technology means “any means of converting source materials - be it people, information or physical materials to obtain the desired products or services” (2, p. 697). This definition is not precise enough, since the phrase “any means” can include not only a technological method of production, but also means of production, for example: tools, machines, etc. Nevertheless, the essence of the concept of “technology” in the second definition is more clearly expressed.

So, the definition of technology that emerges from a quick glance at the problem can be formulated as follows: technology must be understood as the totality and sequence of methods and processes for transforming the original materials that make it possible to obtain products with specified steam meters.

With this view, the key link of any technology (industrial or social) is a detailed definition of the final result and its precise achievement. The resulting definition is essentially a definition of the methodology. It simply equates methodology and technology, which is not entirely legitimate.

This approach to the concept of “technology” does not allow us to find the difference between methodology and technology. Let's try to do this by looking at the approaches that are presented in the pedagogical literature.

Existing approaches to the concept of “learning technology”. In the psychological and pedagogical literature one can find several very different views on the concept of “technology”. Systematization of various points of view allows us to identify three main approaches to defining educational technology.

In the first approach, technology often means a private technique for achieving a separately set goal (for example, a technology for practicing mental calculation skills, a technology for organizing group activities, etc.). Equating technology to a private technique, the authors of this approach rely on one of the most important characteristics of technology - they emphasize that it is a way to achieve any specific goal. Using the concept of “technology” in this sense does not give pedagogy anything new and does not specify the learning process. What happens is simply the substitution of one concept for another. If earlier they said “methodology (or system) of V.V. Davydov-D.B. Elkonin”, now, in order to show off their erudition) they say “technology of V.V. Davydov-D.B. Elkonin”. The essence of the subject (the V.V. Davydov-D.B. Elkonin system) did not change due to the change of words.

Proponents of the second approach by technology mean the pedagogical system as a whole. However, it should be noted that the most important elements of the pedagogical system, according to V.P. Bespalko’s interpretation, are students and teachers. technology is a characteristic of the method of teaching that is embedded in the pedagogical system and cannot include students and teachers in an explicit form. Despite the discrepancy between the concepts of “technology” and “pedagogical system”, this interpretation of technology is closer to its original meaning, since technology includes not only methodology (a certain set of rules and methods of activity aimed at achieving a given result, forms of organizing the process ), but also such an important element of the pedagogical system as the system of teaching aids.

In line with the third approach, technology is considered not just as a methodology or pedagogical system, but as an optimal method or system for achieving a given goal, as a certain algorithm. It cannot be said that this view would come even closer to the original interpretation of the concept of “technology” - rather, on the contrary. After all, technology is a certain way. And the methods can be different: fast and slow, new and old. And it is no coincidence that the term “modern technologies” appeared, implying the most effective and fastest ways to obtain results at a given level of development of society. The success of many industrial enterprises lies precisely in the fact that they abandon outdated and ineffective technologies and use new and emerging technologies based on the latest scientific developments. Technology is not the optimal and most efficient method, but any method of production (or training) that meets the requirements of the manufacturability of the process.

In addition to the three approaches presented, which have already been quite clearly defined in the pedagogical literature, there are a number of others that have not yet been fully formed. Among them, the view on teaching technology as a way of forming a curriculum for individual courses from a set of modules (blocks) stands out. Each of these modules represents the content and methodological developments of one section of the academic discipline. It is believed that by varying such ready-made modules (blocks) and rearranging them, the teacher can achieve the best result. It turns out that the technology of learning here is the ability to rearrange different modules. However, such a rearrangement cannot be called a technology for teaching a student - it is essentially a way of selecting educational material by a teacher, a way of arranging the content of a subject. Of course, the sequence of presentation of the material and its qualitative composition are related to methods and methods, since certain methods and techniques can be used to study certain content. However, no matter how the modules (blocks) are swapped, their teaching is usually carried out in line with a single methodology that a teacher or educational institution uses in their practice.

As we see, the most frequently found in the pedagogical literature of the 90s. approaches to the concept of “technology” also do not answer the question of its difference from methodology. In order to discover this difference, it is necessary to look at the technology from a different angle. Let's do this by turning to the historian of the issue.

Original meaning of the term "technology". The term "technology" is widely used in industry and construction. It was from these two areas that this concept came into pedagogy. This transition was facilitated by the development of information technologies for processing and storing data (information), which at a certain level of development began to be used in the field of education. Their appearance and intensive development in education led to the rapid spread of new terminology.

The term “technology” first appeared several centuries ago, during the formation of industry. This period of development of society is characterized by the growth of machine production, an increase in the volume of products produced in factories, in conditions of higher productivity 1ore. In other words, this is the period of transition from handicraft to machine production. Only with the advent of powerful means of production, the productivity of which exceeded the possible productivity of one artisan, did the concept of “technology” arise.

Consideration of the history of production development suggests that the development of any sphere of human activity occurs along the chain:

Random Experience ------- Craft -------- Technology

At the first stage (random experience), a person, encountering some phenomenon (experience, technique), only masters it and gains the skills to work with it. At this stage, he does not yet use this phenomenon to ensure his life. This is the period of initial development of the phenomenon. At the second stage - the stage of development of a craft - a person not only masters this phenomenon, but also, giving strength to it, builds a certain type of activity on it, adapts it to ensure his life. It was during this period that a profession by type of activity emerged (carpenter, potter, fisherman, etc.). At the third stage, society reaches a level of development at which mechanisms and technical means are created to produce any product. It is they who now do the main work of producing the product. This is already a technology stage.

In its original meaning, technology means the process of producing products using technical means ~ machines, a group of machines, a production line. Each technology means the production of a specific product using specific means of production. Any change in the set of means of production (for example, replacing milling machines at a factory with machines with other technical characteristics) leads to a change in the technological chain, characteristics and production parameters, and, consequently, to a change in the technology itself.

The transition from a craft production method to an industrial one means a significant complication of production, since machines take part in production, replacing humans partially or completely. Technologies largely depend on the technical characteristics of the technical means used in industry. Therefore, in machine production it was necessary to complicate and detail the description of each action. A simple description of the sequence of actions used by a craftsman (or a teaching methodologist) is no longer enough. Moreover, the description of the production process had to include the exact characteristics of each type of technical means of production, since the entire production process is based on these characteristics.

Thus, industrial technology is a certain method of production (formed by a set and sequence of application of methods) of any product, built on the use of technical or any other means of production under human control. Moreover, the means of production play a dominant role in technology and bear the main burden in obtaining the product. An example is machine production, textiles in industry, where there is one operator for dozens of machines producing hundreds and thousands of meters of fabric.

If we transfer this meaning of the term “technology” to pedagogy, then under teaching technology will imply a certain a method of learning in which the main burden of implementing the learning function is performed by a learning tool under human control. In other words, in teaching technology the leading role should be given to the teaching medium. With technology, the teacher does not teach students, but performs the function of managing the teaching medium, as well as the function of stimulating and coordinating the activities of students.

It appears that the difference between technology and methodology in education is the same as the difference between technology and craft in manufacturing and construction. It is the difference between high-productivity machine production and relatively low-efficiency manual labor.

So, in teaching technologies, the teaching medium plays the most important and leading role.

Structure of educational technology. Let's consider the structure of technology for teaching students in elementary school. It includes the following main components (see Fig. 3):

1. Preliminary diagnostics of the level of mastery of educational material(not to be confused with the level of general development of students) and selection of students for classes(groups) with a homogeneous level of existing knowledge and experience. For example, testing students entering 1st grade according to such criteria as reading ability and reading speed, ability to count and write, makes it possible to distribute first-graders into 2nd grade with different levels of preparedness: strong, average and weak. Education in each of these classes is structured differently. Conducting classes using the same textbooks, teachers, making allowances for the preparedness of students, with a strong class, after a short repetition, quickly move on to mastering new material, and with a weak class, in which students almost cannot read, they study the alphabet and numbers, teach read and count within ten.

The results of the widespread use of preliminary diagnostics in schools when enrolling in the first grades and the grouping of beginners into classes with the same (or similar) level of preparedness have proven the need to include this element in practice. Preliminary diagnosis and selection are necessary not only when enrolling in 1st grade, but also in most cases when starting to study any course or subject. This could be selection into groups to study a foreign language, undergo psychological training, etc.

2. Motivation and organization of students' educational activities. Motivation is one of the leading areas of a teacher’s work. With the introduction of educational technologies, this direction in the teacher’s work becomes especially important. A student’s interaction with a learning tool may not always bring joy and pleasure, although this is possible (for example, computer games are very attractive to students). Therefore, the main task of the teacher when introducing educational technology is to attract students to cognitive activities and support this interest.

Effect of teaching aids. This stage is the actual learning process, carried out through the interaction of students with learning tools. At this stage, the student masters the educational material through interaction not with the teacher, as in frontal or individual learning, but with the learning tool.

Quality control of material assimilation. Technology places significant emphasis on the control process. If, when using the methodology, the main attention was paid to the process of organizing students’ activities to master knowledge and accumulate experience, then in technology the components of organizing activities and control are equivalent - these are two interconnected and complementary blocks. Insufficient attention to any of them leads to a decrease in the capabilities of the technology and an increase in the time required for training. From this point of view, the learning process can be schematically depicted as follows (Fig. 1, 2):

Rice. 1. Learning process,Fig. 2. The learning process built on the principles of technological methods

It should be noted that the use of teaching aids (monitoring tools, diagnostic tools, etc.) is possible at any stage of the educational process, however, the learning process becomes a technology only when the teaching aid is used at a key stage - the stage of educational activity (third stage) . The use of training tools at all other stages speaks only about one or another degree of completeness of the technology used.

Rice. 3. Training built as a technological process

Features of the technology training. Any technology used in the social sphere has its own characteristics. The teaching technology is characterized by the following features:

uncertainty of the result, lack of methods and means that provide the required 100% result immediately after one cycle of interaction (training);

periodic monitoring of the parameter being improved;

identification and selection of underachievers;

Additional work with those selected, i.e. conducting a repeat cycle of interaction;

Secondary inspection after additional work;

In case of persistent misunderstanding by students of new material, a diagnosis of the causes of misunderstanding or lag is also carried out.

RequirementsTo technological process in teaching. In learning technologies, the degree of achievement of the result (completion of the learning process) can be determined in two ways. Firstly, by means of control that allow one to obtain an objective assessment, and secondly, by the teacher himself. He himself can evaluate whether the process is completed or not.

Thus, different processes are characterized by different degrees of manufacturability. With the highest degree of manufacturability, all stages of the process are carried out by means of training. With a minimal degree of technology, the learning process itself can be carried out by a teaching aid, and control can be carried out by the teacher.

In some cases, a learning process that contains a significant element of communication and interaction between people can be called a technological process. This becomes possible if:

teaching aids play a leading role in learning;

the learning goal is set diagnostically (indicating the required level of mastery);

the final result is achieved with an accuracy of at least 70Vo (for a given level of assimilation).

The term technology is interpreted quite broadly in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia: “Technology... a set of techniques and methods for obtaining, processing or processing raw materials, materials, semi-finished products or products carried out in various industries, construction, etc. ... a scientific discipline that develops such techniques and methods ... the very operations of extraction, processing, processing, storage, which are the main component of the production process ... description of production processes, instructions for their implementation, technological rules, requirements, maps, graphs, etc. ... " A narrower and somewhat different interpretation is given by the authors of the Polytechnic Dictionary: “Technology... a set of methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials, materials or semi-finished products used in the production process to obtain finished products... the science of methods of influencing raw materials , materials and semi-products with appropriate tools of production.”

Comparing these formulations of the subject of technology, we can talk about different principles of approach to generalizing definitions. In TSB, technology is understood quite broadly and is divided into objective (operating, functioning in various sectors of the national economy) and subjective (scientific).

In the polytechnic dictionary, the scientific side of technology is narrowed to the moment of interaction of certain tools with objects of labor, i.e. before production operations. This means that the subjective side of technology is reduced to the objective, functioning side, and essentially the scientific side of technology is not recognized. In this case, we mean “a set of methods ... for manufacturing ... products,” “methods of influencing raw materials ... with appropriate production tools,” or a set of processes and the processes themselves that make up the current, practical technology, but not at all the scientific, abstract side of these processes, which is not includes specific tools or people.

This position leads to an incorrect interpretation of the general concepts of scientific and theoretical technologies, to their replacement by technical sciences and, ultimately, to metaphysics and technicalism.

When analyzing practical technology, it cannot be separated from technology and means of labor. It follows that modern technology is ambiguous in its essence and has several aspects. The most important of them are objective and subjective. The latter, in turn, has a scientific and theoretical side.

Thus, we are faced with the problem of objective and subjective in technology, that is, with practical and theoretical technologies. This is precisely the reason for the different interpretations of the terms.

At all hierarchical levels of the organization, technology is divided into practical (objective), scientific and theoretical (subjective). Scientific technology is directly related to practical technology, and theoretical technology is directly related to scientific technology.

Practical technology

Practical technology- this is a set of processes and operations proven by experience to create a certain type of use value. This technology can be presented, depicted, described, etc.

The objectives of the current technology vary depending on the conditions of its operation. The main tasks in the field of material production include: finding and implementing means of intensifying technological processes; control of production means technologists, changes in production conditions; preparing production for the release of new goods or goods of improved quality.

The characteristic features of objective, operating technology are: dynamism, concreteness, material conditionality and logic (strict sequence of actions, operations, movements).

Dynamism of technology Dynamism of technology reflects the implementation of any processes, movements, actions, the intermediate states of which can be depicted in the form of symbols, pictures, diagrams, drawings, and completely - with the help of modern technical means (television or verbal description). These can be production processes (how to obtain chemical fiber), physiological (how to do a hairstyle), managerial or instructional (how to process information and make decisions), as well as creative ones (how to obtain new technologies).

These processes are carried out with the obligatory participation of man thanks to his creativity and work. The simple moments of the labor process are: purposeful activity, or labor itself, the object of labor and the means of labor. All types of activities, any technology and any production are based on this triad. The other two elements of the productive forces are objects and means of labor, the totality of which is called the means of production. Objects of labor - everything that it is aimed at. By themselves, they do not create dynamics, but act only as material carriers of targeted influences, as a result of which they either move in space, or move from one state to another, or change their structure, gradually turning into a use value or commodity.

The combination of labor with its object constitutes the content of the technological process of transforming the latter into finished products, the essence of human interaction with nature.

To obtain the result of his activity, a person must know the laws by which the subject of labor changes, and skillfully use them (practical technology). Previously, these laws were learned directly through labor, through the acquisition of experience passed on from generation to generation. This form remained basic in certain areas of art. In the sphere of material production, the situation has changed dramatically. Objects of labor act here as a kind of link between science and production. In this case, the means of labor (technology) play an important role, making it possible to dramatically increase human capabilities through the use of the laws of nature. The achieved level of their development freed people from direct influence on the subject of labor. Man began to only control complex machines. Therefore, modern technology, abstracting from concrete and collective labor, studies the interaction of the means of production in the process of purposeful human activity. It was abstraction from specific work that made it possible to distinguish technology into an independent scientific discipline.

Specificity of technology The specificity of technology is reflected in the purposefulness of its processes to achieve a certain result. The usefulness of a thing, the property of an object to satisfy some human need is called use value, and if it is intended for exchange on the market - a commodity.

Technology is interested in goods or use values ​​from the position of specifying the task at hand and clarifying technological processes, since the image of the final product dictates its type, its necessary means of production and the qualifications of the performer. If we neglect the specification of use values, we obtain an abstract, or theoretical, technology.

Material conditionality of technology Concreteness is closely related to the material conditionality of technology, which presupposes the presence of three components of the objective world: objects of labor, means of labor and labor itself. The modern scale of these components is such that they require strict control of both internal processes and external interaction with nature.

Modern scientific technology is designed not just to study and design production systems, but to implement the most effective of them or to provide new effects on objects of labor that would significantly exceed existing ones in productivity, speed, safety and efficiency.

External material conditionality presupposes the economic and environmental balance of production with the environment.

Consequently, modern scientific technology must not only select and design the most effective processes for creating use values, but also justify the balance of production with the environment.

Logicity of technology Logicity (strict sequence of actions, operations, movements) of technology is the orderliness in time and space of the main, auxiliary and servicing processes, their complete interconnection in all parameters (productivity, speed, etc.). Logicity is usually developed over a long period of time by experience, practice, testing and verification of both individual processes and their combination under real production and environmental conditions. In this case, the necessary skills of performers, requirements for the production process, compliance with safety regulations, etc. are also developed. All this is necessary to achieve the main goal - obtaining a product (use value) of the type and those properties and qualities that the consumer needs.

Scientific technology

Scientific technology studies and generalizes the experience of creating use values. The subject of its study is the processes of interaction of means of labor, objects of labor and the environment in the creation of the entire variety of use values. In the field of material production, its tasks are the following: studying the patterns of processes of transforming objects of labor into products or goods; finding progressive ways to influence objects of labor and testing them; development of measures to protect nature; selection and design of the most effective and safe practical technology.

Theoretical technology

Theoretical technology studies the dialectics of technology and the possibility of using the laws of development of nature and society to transform the material and spiritual world of man. The subject of her research is the development processes of human cognitive and transformative activity. Main tasks: knowledge of the laws of human interaction with nature; studying the possibilities and conditions for the practical application of known laws or patterns; development, justification and experimental testing of new technological processes.

The main problem of theoretical technology relates to the development of the “man-nature” system. It consists in developing a strategy and tactics for the optimal development of human civilization in the near future. The main criterion and at the same time the limiting condition when solving the main problem should be the fulfillment of the requirement that relations between opposites should not develop into antagonistic ones (for example, contradictions between nature and technology, between man and nature, etc.). Many other problems are associated with the main problem, such as specialization and integration, systematization of processes and their forms, classification of sciences, natural and technological processes.